Suburban condenser. A spatial, social and ecological framework for the concentrated growth of an expanding city

This project is also published here:
http://futurearchitectureplatform.org/projects/704ee670-3473-454c-b48b-c300d871ccc2/

An urban answer to the misfortunes of dispersed, fragmented, uncontrolled and alienating suburbia. 

ABSTRACT

Suburbia in the UK is experiencing turbulent transformations. From being an idyllic habitation for homogenous, relatively affluent middle class, it has become a complex reflection of political, social and economic processes in the urban cores – gentrification, a property bubble and housing shortage. As a result, more and more households are being expelled out from the inner areas into suburbs and then, further out to the fringes. In the face of the increasing influx of population and scarcity of land, project proposes a linear suburbanisation - a concentrated, medium-density but high-intensity development which uses the land effectively and creates diverse built environment alongside the infrastructure. By exploiting the most basic urban elements and typologies such as street, perimeter block and courtyard building, and placing them in a dialogue with a natural setting, a new type of suburbia emerges.

URBAN AND SOCIAL CONTEXT 

• UK LAND USE. 7 % of UK area is urban (including infrastructure), 70 % is farmland.(1)

• WHAT THE URBAN AREAS ARE MADE OF? Only 2 % of urban areas are buildings. 54 % is green space (gardens, parks, etc.).(2)

• UK POPULATION. 64 million. 83 % of the UK population live in cities.(3)

• SUBURBAN LIFESTYLE. 15 % of city population live in an inner city, while 85 % live in outer suburbs.

• THE AGE OF LONELINESS. 29 % of the UK population live alone. 1 million older people live alone.(4)

• LOVE OF GARDENING. 90 % have a garden (including communal).(5)

• WORK AT HOME. From 30 million workers 4 million work from home.(6)

• AUTOMOBILE DEPENDENCY. 36% of the UK population commute to work by car. The average UK commute is 54 minutes.(7)

• UK’S HOUSING CRISIS. UK housing shortage is almost 1 million homes.(8)

INNER CITY / OUTER SUBURBIA

The project draws a mental framework to the set of spatial, social and environmental issues of outer suburbia and its relationship with the inner city (9):

• Rising and ageing population,
• Housing shortage,
• Increasing poverty and precariousness,
• Social isolation and reduced connectivity,
• Economic, cultural and ethnic segregation,
• Car dependency, poor public transport, increasing road traffic congestion,
• Land-consuming, sprawling development and controversial green belts.

GREEN BELTS

Unwillingness to build high and densely, inability to accommodate empty homes, complexities of brownfield redevelopment and scarcity of land have led to a development of ever increasing expanding of UK cities. However, Green belts designated to limit urban sprawl are now the challenge for both the politicians and developers. 

Green Belts around the British cities are designated for:
• making a distinction between rural and urban,
• preventing from urban sprawl and conurbation,
• providing access to open green space.

CASE STUDY: LONDON

London's Metropolitan Green Belt policy has several significant drawbacks. Firstly, an inefficient use of land. For instance, intensive farming (more than a third of the land (11)) on the edge of the metropolis has no significant economic or environmental benefits. Secondly, this comes at the expense of more valuable development and leads to its 'leapfrogging' and displacement beyond the Green Belt. (12) Finally, all these factors contribute to longer commuting between London and its satellites. Created with positive intentions in the 50s, Green Belt today aggravates prolonged problems of suburbia such as reduced connectivity, accessibility to services and traffic congestion. The arcadian vision of suburbia must be reviewed.

Current condition. Greater London enclosed by London Orbital Motorway and London Green Belt (schematic diagram).

The project proposes infrastructure integrated development within preserved yet transformed Green Belt.

THE CONCEPT - A LINEAR DEVELOPMENT

Aerial view. London Orbital Motorway (M25)and A3 junction. The project rethinks the old ideas of Metro-land in a contemporary context.

Birds eye view

Suburban condenser defines a clear edge between Nature and build environment. At the same time, by being porous, it allows the Nature flow through.

SUBURBAN CONDENSER

THE COMPONENTS

SC uses infrastructure as a form-defining armature which supports chain-link enclaves and is perforated with heterotopic voids. (13)

Basic module exploits the traditional, normative 600ft pedestrian armature between centres.(14)

A city is a plane of tarmac with some red hot spots of urban intensity.

Rem Koolhaas, The Surface, 1969

First page of the manuscript of Rem Koolhaas’s The Surface (1969)

Axonometric view

Infrastructure has a clear functional, scale and speed hierarchy. As such it does not have a segregating effect on communities. 

Infrastructure is an integral part of the formation and its footprint ratio to entire development is minimised.

Heterotopic voids provide a space for uncertainty, endless possibilities and transformations for the future development. They are landmarks and nodes within the continuous framework.

Heterotopic void. Nature: park / forest / meadow

Heterotopic void. Intensification: housing infill

Heterotopic void. Industry / service / retail: sheds, warehouses, shopping centre

Heterotopic void. Football field: games, concerts, events

Enclave / neighbourhood.

The enclave is a self-organising system which accommodates the private sphere - housing, business and retail activities, incorporate communal life and embraces the public sphere. By using uniformity and repetition, equality is ensured yet it is diversified by its context and inhabitants – heterogenous and egalitarian society.

Enclave section. 

SC is a built environment where:

▪ Public sphere is provided for knowledge and social exchange.

▪ Co-working and work from home are supported by providing facilities next to the living space.

▪ Different housing typologies offer accommodation for a diverse spectrum of households.

▪ Spaces are adaptable and extendable by using flexible modules, layouts and structure.

Typology of units. 

The edge. Allotments. 

Town square / courtyard.

The street view.

The upper street.

A workshop on ground level.

Studio flat on 1st level.

REFERENCES

1. Mark Easton, The great myth of urban Britain
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18623096>

2. Ibid.

3. United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects 

Urban population <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS>
4. Kim Walker, Loneliness in the UK
<http://www.eauk.org/culture/statistics/how-lonely-are-we.cfm>
5. Christopher Hope More than two million British homes without a garden The Telegraph
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5811433/More-than-two-million-British-homes-without-a-garden.html>
6. Characteristics of Home Workers, (The Office for National Statistics, 2014)
<http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lmac/characteristics-of-home-workers/2014/rpt-home-workers.html>

7. 36% of the UK population still drive to work, only 3% cycle 

<https://www.totaljobs.com/insidejob/36-of-the-uk-population-still-drive-to-work-only-3-cycle/>

8. David Kingman Britain’s housing crisis in 3 numbers

<http://www.if.org.uk/archives/7195/britains-housing-crisis-in-3-numbers>

9. Some data is taken from: Paul Hunter, Towards an suburban renaissance: an agenda for our city suburbs (The Smith Institute, 2016)

10. Tom Papworth. The green noose. An analysis of Green Belts and proposals for reform (Adam Smith Research Trust, 2015)

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Three primary urban elements - armature, enclave and heterotopia are the terminology used by David G. Shane in Recombinant urbanism : conceptual modelling in architecture, urban design, and city theory (John Wiley & Sons, 2005)
14. Ibid.

Heterotopic grid. The other dwelling in the Green Belt.

The thesis investigates the potential of using the heterotopic (other, different) grid as a conceptual and formal framework for a utopian vision - accommodating increasing growth of Scotland’s population in a concentrated and equal manner within a highly infrastructural Green Belt on the city edge of Edinburgh. ‘City edge’ is one of the designated sectors within the Glasburgh corridor – a speculative research area between Edinburgh and Glasgow, defined by the infrastructure of the motorway M8 and the Shotts Line railway.
The competition project ‘Exodus or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture’ and several works by Superstudio and DOGMA inhere heterotopic qualities by being able to create utopian visions and simultaneously reflect and redefine conditions of a real, existing society.
The thesis draws parallels between the cultural, social and political issues of the others on one side and the accompanying urban processes and the role of Architecture within them on the other. It also highlights a set of questions which interrelate with each other on the basis of the concept of heterotopia and the heterotopic grid.
How could the heterotopic grid intensify, diversify and in the same time preserve the Green Belt?
How could the heterotopic grid be able to accept and embrace different social groups within a homogeneity of housing context and create an egalitarian community?
How could the heterotopic grid operate as the catalyst of utopian visions?

The result is a formation which defines a clear edge to the city by framing the Green Belt around it. At the same time, it preserves what it frames and by being porous, it allows nature, infrastructure, and people to flow through. The singular unit of the heterotopic grid is a social condenser – a micro-city where the main urban components – enclave, armature, and heterotopia are condensed and manifested into one entity.

Full thesis text:
https://issuu.com/ivarskalvans/docs/book_issu

Thesis drawings:
https://issuu.com/ivarskalvans/docs/drawings_issu

The most isolated London's suburbia

No cafe, no pub, no doctor in London's most isolated suburb

Here is a vivid example of how single function development created to serve housing needs becomes limiting and burden. By not providing decent social and transport infrastructure council together with the developer has created another gated community which struggles with isolation and loneliness.

Inner freedom. Space and façade for mass housing

ABSTRACT

Face often is described as the mirror of our inner world. Similarly, façade ideally could be a representation of building’s content. What are the face and the space of today’s mass housing?
This essay examines the role of façade and space in mass housing. It assumes that façade and space as main components of dwelling are able to express humanity, identity, freedom and well-being.
Maison Dom-ino by Le Corbusier was a basic building prototype which embodied design ideas about liberation. Its author’s aspirations were as much social and urban as structural and spatial.
Prototype’s legacy today is multi-storey mass housing around the world. The result is dual. On the one hand, there is an efficiency of the building process, a flexibility of variation through standardisation and unification. On another hand – it is alienation, lack of humanity and personality.
The field of interest of design research unit is construction. My interest lays in the intersection between structural technology and social issues. 
At first, the research examines the Maison Dom-ino, its space and structure, relationship with an external world and finally, its legacy - mass produced housing. 
Next, the research looks at the free façade in the context of Le Corbusier’s ideas and its meaning in the wider context. Research inspects liberation and identification of the façade of the mass housing through architectural expressions supported by structural transformations.
Finally, it looks at progress and failure of mass housing. Research examines more than 30 precedents of mass housing and tries to summarise the methods of liberation in mass housing. In these precedents and case studies, it tries to find out the factors responsible for successful communication between content and skin, between ideas and their representation.  
The research uses a reading, writing and making to investigate methods of liberation that tackle issues of human scale, individuality and freedom in mass housing and its external appearance.
Object engages in this discourse with speculation about possible solutions to these problems. It looks at Maison Dom-ino as an experimental platform for architectural ideas.

In conclusion, research summarises the methods of liberation in mass housing as follows: internal flexibility, vertical dimension, separate units, hybrid, parasite and special facade. These methods overlap in their expressions and technical solutions and with a common aim to create a liberating living environment. 

METHODS OF LIBERATION 

1. FLEXIBLE HOUSING

The researchers Jeremy Till & Sarah Wigglesworth, and Tatjana Schneider in their project define meaning of the flexible housing and arguments for it. Socially, it provides control to inhabitants over their own dwelling. Demographically, it offers a possibility to transform dwelling accordingly to the current situation. Economically, it slows down the functional, physical and moral ageing of a building and reduces resulting expenses related with its transformation. Technically, it provides effective servicing (Schneider, 2007).

2. HYBRID

The hybrid nature of the contemporary project alludes to the current simultaneity of realities and categories, relating no longer to harmonious and coherent bodies, but rather to mongrel scenarios made up of structures and identities in parasitic coexistence.’ - by this Manuel Gausa (2000:293) describes formations not only in architecture which become one of the characteristics of Postmodernity. These formations are feeding each other and creating new environments around themselves. In mass housing, it means adding different functions to housing function.

MVRDV is an architecture practice, one of “second modernity” architects whose “anti-dogmatic” approach is resulted in many innovative housing designs which address a wide spectrum of issues.

Berlin Voids is a significant combination of new concepts which challenges Modernist clichés of mass housing for example – standardisation. This competition work is a synthesis of antipodal aspects – concentration of living spaces in one volume like typical urban block and differentiation of these spaces through their spatial typology Constanzo, 2006). Typology, in turn, plays on house concept – spatially unique yet interconnected it also reflects on ‘... the inner dynamism of contemporary society...’(Constanzo, 2006:17). This is also a typical example of another liberating concept – special façade.

3. SPECIAL FAÇADE

Wozoco’s apartments and The Housing Silo both in Amsterdam are other contemporary examples of advanced housing by MVRDV. Here, in both projects, facade plays a significant role by successfully expressing its inner content and also by liberating their inhabitants. Thus Wozoco’s apartments are an impressive modernist concept of liberating man from ground. It is achieved by large cantilevered volumes – living units. 

Whereas Silodam is liberating example by using ‘... a multiplicity of closely interrelated functions inside the building...’ (Constanzo, 2006:112). It also plays with city’s housing typology – row houses within one large volume. This creates mini neighbourhoods which are enriched with different ancillary functions. It also respects future inhabitants’ individual wishes by creating variety – each flat is unique. This building also is a bright reminiscence of Le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation. The main similarity here is a vertical dimension.

4. VERTICAL DIMENSION

5. SEPARATE UNITS

6. PARASITE

HOME

Recently I took a part in the International competition hosted by Building Trust international. The competition seeks solutions for a low-cost ($30,000) single occupancy house within an urban area of a developed country. This was an opportunity for me to implement ideas which I have been preoccupied with during last 3 years. These ideas are about small space.

LOCATION
Dundee City, Angus, Scotland, UK: population 152,320 (2008)

HOUSING FACTS
There are growing signs of affordable housing shortages in Dundee City area.
   *In the last year 863 social sector properties have been lost through sale or demolition.
   *There were 1,252 households assessed as homeless in 2011-2012.
   *The total number of households on the main council housing list, which includes the transfer list, was 8,518 in March 2011.
   *43,000 properties in Dundee City currently fail the Scottish Housing Quality Standard.
Schelter Scotland [online] Available from: http://scotland.shelter.org.uk/housing_issues/get_your_housing_facts/dundee_city

CURRENT TENDENCIES
In the past decade Dundee City Council has carried out a large scale demolition programme to deal with inadequate housing.
Demolition significantly is changing the skyline of the city and its density.
There is very little activity in the building sector at this moment with rare exceptions of new homes being built and
some old being refurbished. 

HOUSING PATTERN
Dundee is generally characterised by low density housing, with relatively large green areas - parks and gardens.
The most common housing types:
1.Victorian terraced tenements, mainly four storeys high.
2.Significant feature - detached family houses creates sub-urban character only 1km distance from the city centre.
3.In proposed area significant part is occupied by two-storey detached houses for 4 households. 

CLIMATIC FEATURES
Dundee has an average of 1400 hours of sunshine per year which makes it the sunniest city in Scotland.

ALLOTMENTS
“Due to a desire from people to know the origin of their food and because of the recent rise in cost of
food prices there has been resurgence in demand for allotments Scotland-wide and in Dundee.
There are 13 allotment sites in Dundee with responsibility for a total of 600 plots.
Allotment Security has been identified as a problem in many areas of the UK, with many sites
suffering from incidents, vandalism and theft.”
Scottish Allotments and Gardens Society [online] Available from: http://www.sags.org.uk/docs/AllotmentStrategies/DundeeStrategyConsultation.pdf

 
 

THE SITE
The site is located in Dundee's West End approximately 1.5km from the city centre.
It is near to green areas of Balgay Hill and Victoria Park.
The site is resided by City Road Allotments which is owned by City Road Allotments Association.
There are 64 plots of sizes 15x20m located on South faced slope. 
Plot-holders are diverse but mostly they are retired elderly persons who have a free time to spend in the allotment.

SITE SECTION

CONCEPT


Single-person household is the most expensive, energy and space consuming living model in the urban environment.
Therefore its dwelling design should take into account many factors and incorporate wide range of compensatory qualities to be sustainable.

LOCAL CONTEXT
Design looks for ADAPTABLE solution which after small transformations could be used in different environments.
However, the original context is urban Dundee area with its building typology and housing situation.

SOCIALISATION FACTOR
People by nature are social beings therefore even single-person household dwelling should be involved in some community links.
Design looks for a BALANCED solution which provides both INTIMACY and OPENNESS, SECLUSION and INTERACTIVITY.

USER
There are two main potential target groups for the proposed design in the proposed site:

1st group are HOMELESS people who are interested in a healthy “green” lifestyle.
City Council provides them with low cost houses,
whereas land owner lets the plots for a typical price.
Allotments make gains from PERMANENT INHABITANTS
who provides safety and order of the area.

2nd group are persons who already lease a plot and
owns a flat which is too large or too expensive for them.
In this case these persons could move to affordable
low cost houses but their flats will be available for others. 

TRANSFORMATION SCENARIOS
Design looks for TRANSFORMABLE solution which provides FLEXIBILITY of space for possible life’s changes.


1. Single person finds another person with whom to share a time and space. Design provides ADDITIONAL living space for up to 2 adults and 1 child.

2. Houses could be located in such a way that provides
possibility to join them together with a common
space or just a canopy.

COMPACTNESS AND SPACIOUSNESS
Design operates with ENERGY EFFICIENT form to achieve COHERENT solution which provides both COMPACTNESS and SPACIOUSNESS.

Continuous and unobstructed movement through the house’s daily life without corridors.

Observing and interacting with the surrounding environment.

Hexagon has a low perimeter for a given area and straight edges to provide functionality.

Key areas: location and features

Layout is divided by zones, zones is separated by “service walls”

SUSTAINABILITY
Design uses SUSTAINABLE energy solutions.

Roof derives directly from the layout and forms six faces at a 40 degree angle which is most effective to gain from solar energy in Scotland area.

Solar PV panels could be located on 3 of 6 roof faces which allows operate effectively (over 90% of the maximum) during the day in Scotland’s changeable weather conditions. There is possible to place 18 a typical 185 Watt solar panels (1.6x08m) with total area 23m2. Therefore it creates up to 3.3kW array. Potential output of this array could reach 2,500kWh per year which is around 80% of electricity consumption from average single-person household (˜3,000kWh per year).
Surplus electricity could be sold back to the national grid or
collected in a electrical storage (off-grid).
Based on data from http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk

Version ‘M’ with total area 58m2 provides living space in two levels for up to 2 adults and 1 child.

Site plan. Design provides flexibility of locating houses on the site, effective use of land, insolation and unobstructed views.

 Ground floor plan

  Section through entrance

Section through living area

 North elevation

East elevation

South elevation

West elevation

 View from City Road